Analysis method optimization and stability test of related substances of chloral hydrate / 药学实践杂志

Objective To establish a quality control method for detecting impurities in chloral hydrate raw materials, improve the quality standards and control limits of raw materials. Methods The determination methods of chloroform and halogenated carboxylic acid in chloral hydrate were established to monitor the change of impurities in chloral hydrate through stability. Results The research and establishment of chloroform and halogenated carboxylic acid methods met the requirements of relevant regulations for analytical methodology verification, which could accurately detect four impurities in raw materials and preparations by one method. Conclusion The study provides technical support for the improvement and optimization of the quality standards of chloral hydrate and preparations. It is very necessary to implement the impurity monitoring in preparation research and production process by the chloral hydrate impurity detection and the stability comparison of this product at high temperature and light, which could largely promote the safety of medication.

Analysis on the concentration of chloroform and risk factors of swimming pools in Bao’an District of Shenzhen City / 上海预防医学

Objective:To investigate the concentration level of chloroform in the water of swimming pool in Baoan District of Shenzhen City，and determine the risk factors. Methods:During May and July，2019，a total of 110 water samples from 40 swimming pools were collected in Xin’an subdistrict of Bao’an District for the examination of chloroform routine indicators. In addition， 38 pipe water samples were collected for the examination of chloroform and free residual chlorine． Results:The concentration of chloroform in the swimming pools was determined to be （43.400±27.802） μg/L with the median of 37.343 μg/L. Chloroform was correlated positively with total bacterial count（P<0.05），turbidity， free chlorine residual， and PH value（P<0.01）. Conclusion:The disinfection quality of swimming pool water in Bao’an District remains low. It is necessary to determine the risk factors associated with chloroform in the swimming pool and further reduce the concentration level of disinfection by-products.

Eficacia de la Palta como Antibacteriano frente a Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Resumen La palta (Persea americana) es uno de los frutos con bastante abundancia en Bolivia, esto se debe a su capacidad de producirse en climas templados y cálidos, lo que trae consigo múltiples beneficios para la salud, pues hay evidencia cientifica que sugiere que la palta podría tener efectos para inhibir o destruir el desarrollo de múltiples microorganismos. Así mismo se pudo evidenciar que los extractos Clorofórmicos y Etanólicos de la semilla de la palta si tiene un efecto bacteriostático y bactericida contra cepas de M. tuberculosis, por inducir la liberación de radicales libres, sin embargo estos extractos también han demostrado tener eficacia contra otras cepas bacterianas, micóticas y parasitarias y algunos virus.

Abstract The avocado (Persea americana) is one of the most abundant fruits in Bolivia, due to its capacity to be produced in temperate and warm climates, bringing multiple health benefits, as scientific evidence suggests the avocado may have effects in inhibiting or destroying the growth of multiple microorganisms. Likewise, it has been shown that the chlorophormic and ethanolic extracts of avocado seed have a bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect against strains of M. tuberculosis, by inducing the release of free radicals; furthermore, these extracts have also been shown to be effective against other bacterial, fungal and parasitic strains and some viruses.

Comparing the Effect of Methods of Rat Euthanasia on the Brain of Wistar Rats: Cervical Dislocation, Chloroform Inhalation, Diethyl Ether Inhalation and Formalin Inhalation

Contentions still exist as to the most humane method of sacrificing experimental animals. Beyond humaneness, there is also the issue of appropriateness of a method of sacrifice with regards to organ safety. This study compared four common methods of rodent sacrifice used in Nigeria and their effects on the brain. Twenty male Wistar rats weighing 150 to 180g were randomly separated into four groups of five rats each. After a two week period of acclimatization,the animals were sacrificed; Group A by Cervical dislocation (CD) which also served as control, Group B by chloroform inhalation (CI), Group C by diethyl ether inhalation (DEI) and group D by Formalin inhalation (FI). The time taken for the animals to pass out was documented and the brains were harvested. Four of the brains from rats in each group were homogenized in phosphate buffer solution and centrifuged at 10000rpm. The supernatant were used for antioxidant studies. The remaining one brain from each group were fixed in 10% formal saline and after 48 hours, the cerebellum (CB) and hippocampus (Hp) were used for histological studies using the H & E method. Our results show although CD was the quickest, it gave the least quantity of blood. Meanwhile CI was the most humane, gave the most blood and saved time compared to DEI and FI. None of the methods of sacrifice showed adverse effect on the antioxidant parameters of the rats. However, histological studies showed that while CD and CI showed no adverse effects on the hippocampus, only CD was completely safe for the CB. The other methods showed various levels of cell death. It is therefore expedient to consider these factors in making the choice of an appropriate method of sacrifice and to use the most humane and safest method with reference to the organ studied

Actividad citotóxica de la fracción clorofórmica de Piper aduncum y su efecto en el ciclo celular en líneas celulares de cáncer gástrico / Cytotoxic activity of the chloroform fraction of Piper aduncum and its effect on the cell cycle in gastric cancer cell lines

RESUMEN Objetivos: Evaluar la actividad citotóxica de la fracción clorofórmica del extracto metanólico de Piper aduncum (PAMoCl) y su efecto en el ciclo celular en dos líneas celulares de cáncer gástrico: AGS y KATO III. Materiales y métodos: El efecto citotóxico de PAMoCl se evaluó en las líneas celulares: AGS y KATO III. Se probaron concentraciones de PAMoCl: 1,25; 2,5; 5; 10; 20; 40; 80 y 160 µg/mL. Para evaluar la viabilidad celular se usó el reactivo resazurina. En el ensayo de ciclo celular las células fueron tratadas con 19,62 µg/mL y 39,23 µg/mL de PAMoCl para AGS, así como 87,49 µg/mL y 160 µg/mL para KATO III. Después de 24 horas ambas líneas celulares fueron analizadas por citometría de flujo. Resultados: PAMoCl mostró actividad citotóxica con una inhibición del crecimiento celular en un 50% (IC50) de 39,23 µg/mL y 87,49 µg/mL a las 24 horas y un IC50 de 49,47 µg/mL y 64,68 µg/mL a las 48 horas frente a las líneas celulares AGS y KATO III, respectivamente. Además, se observó que PAMoCl tiene efecto a nivel del ciclo celular: provoca una acumulación de células en la fase G2/M. Conclusiones: PAMoCl contiene metabolitos secundarios con actividad citotóxica que tienen efecto en la fase G2/M del ciclo celular, en dos líneas celulares de cáncer gástrico tanto primario como metastásico. Los resultados de este estudio permitirán profundizar en la búsqueda de principios activos presentes en PAMoCl que tengan mayor eficacia en la eliminación de células de cáncer gástrico, pero con menor toxicidad en células sanas.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the cytotoxic activity of the chloroform fraction of the Piper aduncum methanolic extract (PAMoCl) and its effect on the cell cycle in two gastric cancer cell lines: AGS and KATO III. Materials and methods: The cytotoxic effect of PAMoCl was evaluated in cell lines AGS and KATO III. The following PAMoCl concentrations were tested, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 μg/mL. Resazurine was used to evaluate cell viability. In the cell cycle assay, the cells were treated with 19.62 μg/mL and 39.23 μg/mL of PAMoCl for AGS as well as 87.49 μg/mL and 160 μg/mL for KATO III. After 24 hours both cell lines were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: PAMoCl showed cytotoxic activity, inhibiting cell growth by 50%. It presented a (IC50) of 39.23 μg/mL and 87.49 μg/mL at 24 hours and a (IC50) of 49.47 μg/mL and 64.68 μg/mL at 48 hours against AGS and KATO III cell lines, respectively. In addition, it was observed that PAMoCl has an effect on the cell cycle, it causes an accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase. Conclusions: PAMoCl contains secondary metabolites with cytotoxic activity that have an effect on the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, in two gastric cancer cell lines, both primary and metastatic. The results of this study will allow us to deepen the search for more effective active ingredients found in PAMoCl for eliminating gastric cancer cells, but with less toxicity for healthy cells.

Chemical constituents in chloroform fraction of Houttuynia cordata / 中国中药杂志

Nine compounds were isolated from chloroform fraction of Houttuynia cordata,and the isolates were identified as follows:( S)-5,6,6 a,7-tetrahydro-2,10-dimethoxy-4 H-dibenzo [DE,G] quinoline-1,9-diol( 1),( +)-isoboldine β-N-oxide( 2),liriotulipiferine( 3),telitoxinone( 4),isoboldine( 5),(-)-clovane-2β,9α-diol( 6),benzoic acid( 7),acantrifoside E( 8),and dibutyl phthalate( 9). Among them,compound 1 was new,and compounds 2-9 were reported from this species for the first time.

Quality, quantity and recovery of DNA content from routine blood samples and genotyping success rate: comparison between phenol chloroform method (PCM) with a new kit-based DNA extraction method (KBM)

Background: DNA extraction has become a baseline method for molecular biology studies. There are a variety of methods available for this purpose. Newer kit-based methods (KBM) are easy and less time consuming than traditional chemical methods of extraction like phenol chloroform method (PCM). Though estimates of quality from different methods are available in labels, this study compared the practical outcomes regarding quantity, quality, DNA recovery rate and assessed the outcomes at two different time points.Methods: This study was done as a secondary analysis from an ongoing project. The quantity and quality of DNA isolated from the same group of 100 deidentified blood samples by PCM and KBM were analysed using Multi analyzer and repeated after a period of 3 months. Genotyping of the samples were done by RT-PCR. The quantity, quality and amplification proportion were compared between two groups to reach the inference.Results: The median (range) concentration of DNA by PCM was 543.27 (960.59) µg/ml and that of KBM was 32.115 (36.73) µg/ml. The quality of DNA as measured by absorbance at 260/280 nm was 1.84 in PCM and 1.81 in KBM (p>0.05). Genotyping success rate was 78% in PCM and 98% in KBM (p = 0.002). The DNA recovery rate was 96% in PCM and 80% in KBM (p=0.014).Conclusions: The median concentration of DNA obtained from PCM was more compared to KBM. The quality of DNA was comparable in both the groups. The genotyping success rate was more in KBM group. The DNA recovery rate at 3 months was more in PCM group.

Synthesis and physicochemical studies of vanillin chalcones / Síntesis y estudios fisicoquímicos de vainillin-chalconas

SUMMARY Some chalcone compounds are synthesized and their characterization was done by spectroscopic techniques such as IR, NMR and mass spectrometry. Some physicochemical properties such as acoustical properties, refractive index, conductance and partition coefficient have been studied for these synthesized compounds in N, N-dimethyl formamide and chloroform at 303.15 K. The studied properties are useful in QSAR studies and applications of these compounds in various other fields. It is observed that these parameters are affected by solvent and substitutions present in compounds.

RESUMEN Se sintetizaron algunos compuestos del tipo chalcona y su caracterizaron mediante técnicas espectroscópicas tales como IR, RMN y espectrometría de masa. Algunas propiedades fisicoquímicas tales como propiedades acústicas, índice de refracción, conductancia y coeficiente de reparto se estudiaron, para los compuestos sintetizados, en N,N-dimetil formamida y cloroformo a 303,15 K. Las propiedades estudiadas son útiles en estudios QSAR y en aplicaciones de estos compuestos en otros campos. Se observa que estos parámetros se ven afectados por el disolvente y las sustituciones presentes en los compuestos.

Reprieves Before Rejection: Chloroform For Anesthesia

Since its first use as an anesthetic by JY Simpson in 1847, chloroform enjoyed great popularity as an inhalational anesthetic for nearly 80 years. Reservations about its safety could not halt its soaring popularity. Very serious side effects including fatalities following its use were ignored and its charmed life was supported by royalty and leading public figures. This article details the reprieves enjoyed by the anesthetic until its final rejection by the scientific community

Study on the Chemical Constituents in the Chloroform Extract of Fructus Canarii / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the chemical constituents in the chloroform extract of Fructus Canarii. METHODS:The chloroform extract of Fructus Canarii was isolated and purified by MCI,Toyopearl HW-40F,reverse-phase C18,Sephadex LH-20 column. The structure of compounds was analyzed and identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data(mass spectrum, hydrogen spectrum and carbon spectrum). RESULTS:Eight compounds were isolated from chloroform extract of Fructus Canarii, namely Dihydrophaseicacid-3′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(1),3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid(2),3-O-galloylquinic acid(3),Gallic acid (4), Ethyl gallate(5), Scopoletin(6), Dllagic acid-4-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside(7) and Isocorilagin(8). CONCLUSIONS:Compounds 1,2 and 7 were firstly obtained from Fructus Canarii. The study lays foundation for quality evaluation of Fructus Canarii.

Determination of residual chloroform in medical polylactic acid membrane by gas chromatography / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective: To establish a method using gas chromatography for the determination of the residual chloroform in the medical polylactic acid membrane. Methods: The direct aqueous injection gas chromatographic method was established for the determination using RESTEK RTX capillary-column chromatography with the electron capture detector(ECD) at 270 ℃ and with the column at 85 ℃,maintained for 3 min. The split ratio of sampling was 10∶1. The injector temperature was 200 ℃. The high purity nitrogen was used as the carrier gas with the flow of 1. 0 ml /min. The injection volume was 1 μl. Results: The calibration curve showed a good linearity within the range of 25-2 000 ng /ml (r = 0. 999 9). The limit of detection was 1. 50 ng /ml,and the limit of quantitation was 4. 62 ng /ml. The average recovery rate was 98. 35％,RSD = 1. 98％. Conclusion: Gas chromatography is sensitive and accurate for the determination of the residual chloroform in the medical polylactic acid membrane.

Development of proficiency testing amples of chloroform and carbon tetrachloride activated carbon tubes and their application in inter-laboratory comparison tests / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To develop proficiency testing samples of chloroform and carbon tetrachloride in activated carbon tubes and analyze their application in inter-laboratory comparison tests in occupational health technical service organizations. METHODS: Three types of mass concentration proficiency testing samples of chloroform and carbon tetrachloride in activated carbon tubes were developed. Their homogeneity and stability were evaluated and the values were determined. The qualified samples were used for inter-laboratory comparison test in occupational health technical service organizations in the country. RESULTS: The prepared chloroform and carbon tetrachloride activated carbon tubes demonstrated good sample homogeneity. There was no significant difference in the measured values of the samples stored at room temperature for one year and the values measured on the day of preparation( P > 0. 05),and the stability was good.Among the 197 institutions participated in the inter-laboratory comparison test of chloroform,the satisfactory result accounted for 86. 29%( 170/197),the problematic results 7. 11%( 14/197),and the unsatisfactory results 6. 60%( 13/197). Among the 195 agencies that participated in the inter-laboratory comparison test of carbon tetrachloride,the satisfactory results accounted for 89. 74%( 175/195),the problematic results 3. 59%( 7/195),and the unsatisfactory results 6. 67%( 13/195). CONCLUSION: The homogenous and stable proficiency testing samples were successfully produced and can be used for inter-laboratory comparison test in occupational health technical service organizations.

Preparation of high immunity yolk antibody against Vibrio parahemolyticus and comparison of effectiveness between different extraction methods / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To compare the effectiveness between three methods for purifying the immunoglobulin of egg yolk(IgY) which are polyethylene glycol (PEG) method, chloroform extraction method and chloroform / PEG method, and to provide basis for obtaining the batch of IgY.Methods:The inactivated vaccine of Vibrio parahemolyticus (V. parahemolyticus) was prepared and the hens were immunized by multi-point intramuscular injection.The eggs were collected and the IgY was purified by PEG method, chloroform extraction method and chloroform/PEG method.The protein extraction rate, the IgY titer and the purity of the antibody which purified by different methods were detected.Furthermore, the operation process, cost and safety of the three methods were analyzed.Results:The protein contents of the extraction belonging three methods from high to low in turn were chloroform extraction method, chloroform/PEG method, and PEG method.There was no significant difference in the antibody titer between three methods, and the tiler of chloroform extraction method was slightly high.The purities of purified antibody from high to low in turn were PEG method, chloroform/PEG method and chloroform method.The PEG method had better security but relatively lower extraction efficiency and higher cost.The chloroform/PEG method had high extraction efficiency and good antibody purity.Conclusion:The PEG method is suitable for a small amount of extraction in the laboratory.The chloroform/PEG method is appropriate for extracting the high quality IgY in a batch as it has high extraction efficiency and good antibody purity.

Study on HPLC fingerprint and quality control of analgesic and anti-inflammatory effective parts in crude and processed roots of Aconitum sinomontanum / 中草药

Objective: To set up an analysis method of fingerprints for analgesic and anti-inflammatory effective parts from crude and processed roots of Aconitum sinomontanum (AS), and to discuss the chemical composition changes after processing that enhance the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect. Methods: HPLC gradient elution method was developed to establish fingerprints for 10 batches of chloroform extract from crude and processed the roots of AS in different areas. And the fingerprint were analyzed and compared by Chinese Materia Medica (CMM) Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation System (2012 edition). Results: The fingerprints of chloroform extract from crude and processed the roots of AS were set up by HPLC. The gained 3 and 15 common peaks from crude and processed roots of AS, respectively. processed product added 12 peaks, including 1 peak, 2 peak, 7 peak increase were significant, accounting for the new peak area of 72.3%-84.5%. And determination of lappacontine and ranaconitine of chloroform extract from crude and proceed products, after processing the content were reduced, ranaconitine content reduced to the original one-third. Conclusion: This method with good reproducibility, and strong characteristic, and could be used for the full quality evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect parts from crude and processed the roots of AS. To provide scientific basis for elucidating the chemical substance base and processing principle of crude and processed roots of AS.

Effect of chloroform extracts from Longdan Xiegan decoction in inhibiting hydrolytic enzyme activity of Candida albicans isolated from VVC patients / 中国中药杂志

To investigate the inhibitory effect and mechanism of chloroform extracts from Longdan Xiegan decoction(CELX) against hydrolytic enzymes activity of Candida albicans isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis(VVC) patients. Secreted aspartyl proteinase(Sap), phospholipase(PL) and lipase(Lip) positive strains were identified from 15 strains of C. albicans with milk culture medium, egg yolk culture medium and tween-80 medium, respectively. Then, the activities of Sap, PL, and Lip were detected in the above media. qRT-PCR was used to detect the changes in gene expressions of aspartic protease(SAP1-7,10), phospholipase B(PLB1-2) and lipase(LIP3-6). Secreted aspartyl proteinase and phospholipase of 15 VVC clinical strains were positive, and lipase of 11 strains were positive. Compared with the blank control group, the drug CELX-containing medium(milk medium, egg yolk culture medium, tween-80 medium) experiment showed that the sedimentation of colonies decreased gradually in each culture medium with the increase of CELX dose. When the concentration of CELX was 256 mg•L⁻¹, the colony almost disappeared, which indicated the enzyme activity was significantly weakened. The results of qRT-PCR showed that SAP1, SAP2, SAP3, SAP4, SAP7, SAP9 and SAP10 were down-regulated by 62%, 55%, 62%, 84%, 61%, 51%, 68%, respectively, except for SAP5 and SAP6; and PLB1, LIP3, LIP4, LIP6 were down-regulated by 67%, 51%, 54%, 55%, respectively. The findings suggested that CELX may inhibit the activities of Sap, PL, and Lip, which are important virulence factors of C. albicans.

Chinese Medicine Formula "Shenqi San" Extract Inhibits Proliferation of Human Lung Adenocarcinoma A549 Cells via Inducing Apoptosis / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the active components of the Chinese medicine formula Shenqi San (SS) by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector and electrospray ionization-hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrum (HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS),and demonstrate the anticancer mechanism of SS on human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells by evaluating the cell proliferation and apoptosis induction.The chloroform extraction of SS (CE-SS) was extracted from SS,while HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS assay was performed to identify components of CE-SS.MTT assay was used to quantify the proliferation of A549 cells with the treatment of CE-SS.Apoptosis analysis was carried out by detecting phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization using the Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit and the stained cells were analyzed with a flow cytometer.DAPI staining assay was carried out to observe morphological characteristics of apoptotic cells.Western blotting was used to detect the expression of important signaling proteins including caspase-3,-8,-9,p53,Bax and Bcl-2.Eight compounds were identified through HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis and 3-pyridine carboxylic acid,barbatin C,scutebarbatine F and barbatine D might be the main compounds responsible for the antitumor effect of CE-SS.CE-SS suppressed the proliferation of lung cancer A549 cells in a time-and dose-dependent manner.By Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining,we found that treatment with CE-SS induced apoptosis in A549 cells.After 24-h exposure to CE-SS,the expression of cleaved-caspase-9,cleaved-caspase-8 and cleaved-caspase-3 protein was activated,the expression of p53 protein increased while the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 also increased.This study identified the eight compounds of CE-SS,and demonstrated their anticancer effect on human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells via induction of apoptosis.

Retreatability of two endodontic sealers, EndoSequence BC Sealer and AH Plus: a micro-computed tomographic comparison

OBJECTIVES: Recently, bioceramic sealers like EndoSequence BC Sealer (BC Sealer) have been introduced and are being used in endodontic practice. However, this sealer has limited research related to its retreatability. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the retreatability of two sealers, BC Sealer as compared with AH Plus using micro-computed tomographic (micro-CT) analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-six extracted human maxillary incisors were instrumented and randomly divided into 4 groups of 14 teeth: 1A, gutta-percha, AH Plus retreated with chloroform; 1B, gutta-percha, AH Plus retreated without chloroform; 2A, gutta-percha, EndoSequence BC Sealer retreated with chloroform; 2B, gutta-percha, EndoSequence BC Sealer retreated without chloroform. Micro-CT scans were taken before and after obturation and retreatment and analyzed for the volume of residual material. The specimens were longitudinally sectioned and digitized images were taken with the dental operating microscope. Data was analyzed using an ANOVA and a post-hoc Tukey test. Fisher exact tests were performed to analyze the ability to regain patency. RESULTS: There was significantly less residual root canal filling material in the AH Plus groups retreated with chloroform as compared to the others. The BC Sealer samples retreated with chloroform had better results than those retreated without chloroform. Furthermore, patency could be re-established in only 14% of teeth in the BC Sealer without chloroform group. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate that the BC Sealer group had significantly more residual filling material than the AH Plus group regardless of whether or not both sealers were retreated with chloroform.

Ultrasonic behavior of various chalcones in some solvents at different temperatures / Comportamiento ultrasónico de varias chalconas en algunos disolventes a diferentes temperaturas

Ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity of some synthesized chalcones were measured in N,N-dimethyl formamide and chloroform at different temperatures (298.15 to 318.15 K). From these experimental data, various acoustical parameters such as specific impedance (Z), adiabatic compressibility (k s), Rao's molar sound function (Rm), intermolecular free path length (Lf), solvation number (Sn), internal pressure (Π) have been calculated in order to understand the molecular interactions in the studied solutions. The results are interpreted in terms of molecular interactions occurring in the solutions.

La velocidad ultrasónica, la densidad y la viscosidad de soluciones de algunas chalconas sintéticas se midieron en N, N-dimetilformamida y cloroformo a diferentes temperaturas (desde 298,15 hasta 318,15 K). A partir de estos datos experimentales, se calcularon diversos parámetros acústicos tales como la impedancia específica (Z), la compresibilidad adiabática (k s), la función de sonido molar de Rao (Rm), la longitud de trayecto libre intermolecular (Lf), el número de solvatación (Sn) y la presión interna (Π), para comprender las interacciones moleculares en las soluciones estudiadas. Los resultados se interpretan en términos de las posibles interacciones moleculares que ocurren en las soluciones.

Protective Effects of Rosemary's Extract on Cerebral Ischemia in Mice and Acute Toxicity Evaluation / 昆明医科大学学报

Objective To evaluate the protective effects of Rosemary's chloroform extract on cerebral ischemia in mice and acute toxicity.Methods The protective of rosemary's chloroform extract on cerebral ischemia was observed and compared by the mice models of cerebral anoxia and ischemia,thrombus formation in vivo,and chloroform induced arrhythmias.Rosemary's Chloroform Extract was given orally to mice to evaluate acute toxicity.Results Rosemary's chloroform extract had different degrees of inhibition of collagen-the adrenaline induced thrombus formation,and prolonged acute ischemic mice brains off mouth breathing time and increase the number of mouth breathing (P ＜0.05 or P ＜0.01);Chloroform extract significantly reduced the incidence of chloroform induced ventricular arrhythmias.Acute toxicity results suggested that a female rat died in the next day of chloroform extract group,no additional toxicity was observed.Conclusion Rosemary's chloroforrm extract has significant protective effect on cerebral ischemia and hypoxia in mice.

Removal of gutta percha in root canal therapy with Pro Taper nickel titanium system / 局解手术学杂志

Objective To evaluate the results of different methods in removing the root canal gutta percha.Methods Select 60 man-dibular premolars with step-back techinique during root canal prepartion,and the mandibular premolars were stored for 2 weeks after AH-plus paste and gutta percha cold lateral condensation.And then they were randomly divided into 3 groups to remove the root canal filling.Group A were given manually cleaning and shaping with stainless steel instruments combined with chloroform.Group B were given Pro Taper nickel ti-tanium system.Group C were given Pro Taper nickel titanium system combined with microscopic ultrasound technology.The completion time of the 3 groups were recorded and the root canal wall cleanliness of the 3 groups were carefully observed.Results The competition time and amount of debris of apical foramen in group C were both significantly less than those of group A and group B,with statistically significant difference (P <0.05).And the cleanliness of root canal wall of group A was significantly better than that of group A and group B (P <0.05). Conclusion During the root canal retreatment,mechanically use Pro Taper nickel titanium system combined with microscopic ultrasound technology can improve the work efficiency and the cleanliness of root canal wall.